The anode is where lithium ions move from cathode (positive electrode) during charging. Graphite is the most common anode material due to its high capacity, good cycling life, and low cost. Silicon can be mixed with graphite to increase the battery's capacity, but it has challenges with volume expansion during charging.

Other anode materials being explored include lithium titanate, tin-based alloys, and hard carbon. Lithium Titanium Oxide (LTO) also used for anodes, which offer greater stability and safety, but energy density is low.

The image of our designed anode